[MS] An Analysis of Feldman's Art Criticism Theory on Mandala Paintings by Diploma in Architecture Students

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the suitability of a mandala drawing assignment completed by first-semester Diploma in Architecture students at a Polytechnic in Melaka, in addressing syllabus requirements related to the understanding of design elements and principles in the Design 1 (DCA10032) course. A qualitative approach was employed using data triangulation methods, including semi-structured interviews, visual analysis, and observation. Three informants with 15 to 23 years of teaching experience in the course were interviewed. Five mandala drawings were purposively selected based on the highest rubric scores in the 2023/2024 academic session. Feldman’s Art Criticism Theory served as the main analytical framework. The findings revealed six key themes related to design elements and four themes concerning design principles, identified through Feldman’s four stages: (i) clarity of design elements (description); (ii) conceptual understanding (analysis); (iii) balance between creativity and media application (interpretation); and (iv) creative execution of the mandala (judgment). In the descriptive stage, Islamic-inspired mandalas demonstrated symmetrical structures, central composition, and repetitive motifs that integrated traditional and contemporary elements. The analysis stage revealed the use of visual strategies including Islamic geometry, arabesque, Arabic calligraphy, and cosmic elements. Interpretation highlighted five major themes: Islamic geometry, Arabic calligraphy and arabesque, natural motifs, and Islamic color schemes. The evaluation stage concluded that Islamic mandala artworks could be effectively produced through a systematic technical approach. The study recommends further exploration of design organization in mandala creation as a reference for students in design-related courses